IBDP English A – Key Features

This page provides you with valuable information about key features, the tools to dig for value points to write your answers.

Advertisement | Learn

Definition: Advertisements are promotional materials designed to attract attention and persuade an audience to buy products or services.

Key Features:

• Headline: Captures attention and summarizes the main message.
• Visuals: Images or graphics that attract attention and support the message.
• Call to Action: Encourages the audience to take a specific action, such as making a purchase or visiting a website.
• Branding: Identifies the product or service being advertised, often through logos and slogans.
• Persuasive Language: Uses emotive and compelling language to influence the audience.

Example: A print ad for a new smartphone featuring a catchy headline, striking visuals, and a call to action to visit the store.

Appeal | Learn

Definition: Appeals are requests for support or action, often made to elicit emotional responses and prompt immediate action.

Key Features:

• Emotive Language: Uses language that appeals to emotions.
• Clear Purpose: Explicitly states what is being requested and why.
• Call to Action: Directly asks the audience to take specific action.
• Evidence: Provides facts or testimonials to support the appeal.
• Urgency: Conveys a sense of urgency to prompt immediate response.

Example: A charity appeal letter asking for donations to support disaster relief efforts.

Biography | Learn

Definition: Biographies are detailed accounts of a person’s life, written by someone else.

Key Features:

• Chronological Order: Presents events in the order they happened.
• Personal Insights: Provides detailed descriptions of the subject’s personality and experiences.
• Historical Context: Places the subject’s life within the context of the times they lived in.
• Sources: Uses letters, diaries, and interviews to provide evidence.
• Objective Tone: Aims for factual accuracy and impartiality.

Example: A biography of Nelson Mandela detailing his life, struggles, and achievements.

Blog

Definition: Blogs are online journals or informational websites where individuals or groups post regular entries about various topics.

Key Features:

• Tips: Practical advice or suggestions related to the blog’s topic.
• Anecdotes: Short, personal stories used to illustrate points.
• Topical: Relevant to current events or popular subjects.
• Voice: The unique style and personality of the blogger as expressed in their writing.
• Examples: Specific instances that illustrate broader points or concepts.
• Opinions: Personal views and interpretations offered by the blogger.

Example: A travel blog post detailing a recent trip, including tips for future travelers and anecdotes about memorable experiences.

Brochure/Leaflet

Definition: Brochures or leaflets are printed materials used to provide information or advertise products, services, or events.

Key Features:

• Concise Information: Presents key points clearly and succinctly.
• Visuals: Includes images or graphics to enhance the text.
• Headings and Subheadings: Organizes content into easily navigable sections.
• Contact Information: Provides details on how to get more information or take action.
• Persuasive Language: Encourages the reader to engage with the content.

Example: A travel brochure promoting a tourist destination, featuring photos and descriptions of attractions.

Cartoons | Learn

Definition: Cartoons are visual illustrations, often humorous, that can convey messages, tell stories, or provide social commentary through a combination of images and text.

Key Features:

• Negative Space: The empty space around the characters and objects that helps define the boundaries of the cartoon.
• Speech Bubble: Encapsulates the dialogue or thoughts of characters, indicating who is speaking or thinking.
• Panel: Each individual frame or box that contains a segment of the cartoon’s narrative.
• Gutter: The space between panels, which can affect the pacing and flow of the cartoon.
• Symbols: Visual elements that represent ideas or concepts, often used to add deeper meaning.
• Emanata: Lines, dots, or other graphic elements that depict motion, emotion, or other sensory information.
• Camera Angle: The perspective from which the scene is depicted, influencing how the viewer perceives the action.
• Punchline: The final part of a joke or story that delivers the humor or insight.

Example: A four-panel cartoon strip where characters discuss a daily inconvenience, with a humorous twist in the final panel.

Commercial | Learn

Definition: Commercials are short advertisements broadcast on television, radio, or online, designed to promote products, services, or ideas.

Key Features:

• Visual and Audio Elements: Combines visuals, music, and dialogue to capture attention.
• Brand Message: Clearly communicates the product or service being promoted.
• Call to Action: Encourages viewers to take immediate action.
• Emotion: Uses storytelling and emotive elements to connect with the audience.
• Timing: Concise and typically lasts between 15 to 60 seconds.

Example: A TV commercial for a new car, featuring dramatic visuals, a catchy jingle, and a call to action to visit the dealership.

Comic/Graphic Novel

Definition: Comics and graphic novels are sequential art forms that use a combination of text and illustrations to tell a story.

Key Features:

• Sequential Art: Uses panels arranged in a specific order to narrate the story.
• Dialogue and Thought Bubbles: Contains characters’ spoken words and thoughts.
• Narrative Text: Provides additional context or exposition through captions.
• Artwork: Illustrations that depict characters, settings, and actions.
• Themes: Often explores complex themes and characters.

Example: A graphic novel about a superhero’s journey, featuring detailed artwork and a compelling narrative.

Diary

Definition: Diaries are personal records where individuals document their daily experiences, thoughts, and feelings.

Key Features:

• First-Person Perspective: Written from the author’s point of view.
• Chronological Entries: Organized by date, with entries often made daily.
• Personal Reflections: Includes thoughts, feelings, and reactions to events.
• Intimate Tone: A candid and personal style of writing.
• Private Nature: Intended for the writer’s eyes only, though sometimes published posthumously.

Example: Anne Frank’s diary, which provides a personal account of her life during World War II.

Email

Definition: Emails are electronic messages sent through the internet to communicate with individuals or groups.

Key Features:

• Subject Line: Brief summary of the email’s content.
• Greeting: Opens with a salutation addressing the recipient.
• Body: Main content of the email, organized into paragraphs.
• Signature: Closes with the sender’s name and contact information.
• Attachments: Files or documents included with the email.

Example: A professional email sent to a colleague about a project update.

Encyclopedia Entry

Definition: Encyclopaedia entries are concise, informative articles that provide an overview of a specific topic.

Key Features:

• Structured Format: Organized with headings and subheadings.
• Objective Tone: Factual and unbiased presentation of information.
• References: Cites sources and further readings.
• Concise Information: Summarizes key points and important details.
• Images and Diagrams: Often includes visual aids to support the text.

Example: An encyclopaedia entry on the history of the Roman Empire, including key events and figures.

Essay

Definition: Essays are written works that explore a specific topic or argument in a structured manner.

Key Features:

• Introduction: Introduces the topic and presents the thesis statement.
• Body Paragraphs: Develops the argument with evidence and analysis.
• Conclusion: Summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.
• Coherent Structure: Logical organization and flow of ideas.
• Formal Tone: Uses academic language and style.

Example: A persuasive essay arguing for the importance of renewable energy sources.

Film

Definition: Films are visual narratives presented through moving images and sound, often telling a story or conveying a message.

Key Features:

• Plot: The sequence of events that make up the story.
• Characters: The individuals who drive the story and interact with each other.
• Cinematography: The art of capturing visual elements on film, including camera angles and lighting.
• Soundtrack: Music and sound effects that enhance the viewing experience.
• Dialogue: Spoken words between characters.

Example: A documentary film about climate change, featuring interviews with experts and footage of environmental impacts.

Guide Book

Definition: Guide books are informational texts that provide practical advice and details about a specific topic, often related to travel or hobbies.

Key Features:

• Detailed Information: Comprehensive coverage of the topic.
• Practical Tips: Advice and recommendations for readers.
• Maps and Illustrations: Visual aids that enhance understanding.
• Organized Sections: Clear headings and subheadings for easy navigation.
• Travel Guides: Often include itineraries, accommodations, and attractions.

Example: A travel guidebook for Italy, featuring detailed maps, cultural insights, and recommendations for tourists.

Infographic | Learn

Definition: Infographics are visual representations of information designed to make data easily understandable at a glance.

Key Features:

• Visual Elements: Uses charts, graphs, icons, and images.
• Concise Text: Summarizes information in short, clear statements.
• Data Presentation: Organizes data in a visually appealing and easy-to-understand format.
• Color Coding: Uses colors to differentiate and highlight information.
• Flow: Logical progression of information.

Example: An infographic explaining the benefits of recycling, featuring statistics and simple illustrations.

Interview

Definition: Interviews are structured conversations where one person asks questions to gather information from another person.

Key Features:

• Questions and Answers: Organized in a question-and-answer format.
• Direct Quotes: Captures the exact words spoken by the interviewee.
• Introduction: Provides context about the interviewee and the purpose of the interview.
• Closing: Summarizes key points and thanks the interviewee.
• Follow-up Questions: Allows for deeper exploration of responses.

Example: A magazine interview with a famous author discussing their latest book.

Instructions | Learn

Definition: Instructions are step-by-step guides that explain how to complete a task or process.

Key Features:

• Sequential Steps: Clearly ordered steps to follow.
• Imperative Language: Uses command verbs to direct actions.
• Diagrams and Illustrations: Visual aids that clarify instructions.
• Materials List: Specifies items needed to complete the task.
• Warnings and Tips: Provides cautionary advice and helpful hints.

Example: Assembly instructions for a piece of furniture, including diagrams and step-by-step directions.

Letter | Learn

Definition: Letters are written messages exchanged between individuals or organizations, often for formal or personal communication.

Key Features:

• Heading: Includes the sender’s address and the date.
• Salutation: Opens with a greeting to the recipient.
• Body: Main content of the letter, organized into paragraphs.
• Closing: Concludes with a polite closing phrase and the sender’s signature.
• Tone: Can be formal or informal, depending on the context.

Example: A cover letter for a job application, detailing the applicant’s qualifications and interest in the position.

Magazine Cover | Learn

Definition: Magazine covers are the front pages of magazines designed to attract readers and convey the main topics within.

Key Features:

• Cover Image: A striking visual that captures attention.
• Masthead: The magazine’s title, prominently displayed.
• Cover Lines: Teasers or headlines about the articles inside.
• Main Feature: Highlights the most important story or interview.
• Design Elements: Uses color, fonts, and layout to create an appealing look.

Example: A fashion magazine cover featuring a celebrity in stylish attire, with headlines about the latest trends.

Manifesto | Sample

Definition: Manifestos are public declarations of principles, policies, or intentions, often issued by political parties or movements.

Key Features:

• Vision Statement: Clearly articulates the goals and aspirations.
• Core Principles: Outlines the fundamental beliefs and values.
• Action Plan: Specifies the actions to be taken to achieve the goals.
• Persuasive Language: Uses rhetoric to inspire and mobilize support.
• Call to Action: Encourages readers to join or support the cause.

Example: A political manifesto outlining a party’s platform for an upcoming election.

Memoir

Definition: Memoirs are autobiographical accounts that focus on specific experiences or periods in the author’s life.

Key Features:

• First-Person Narrative: Written from the author’s perspective.
• Reflective Tone: Includes introspection and personal insights.
• Detailed Descriptions: Vividly depicts events, people, and places.
• Emotional Depth: Explores the author’s feelings and reactions.
• Selective Focus: Concentrates on significant moments rather than the entirety of the author’s life.

Example: A memoir recounting a person’s journey through a significant life challenge, such as battling a serious illness.

News Article

Definition: News articles are factual reports on recent events, published in newspapers, magazines, or online.

Key Features:

• Headline: Summarizes the main point of the article.
• Lead: The opening sentence or paragraph that provides a concise summary.
• Body: Detailed information about the event, organized in a logical structure.
• Quotations: Statements from people involved or experts.
• Sources: References to where the information came from.
• Objective Tone: Strives for impartiality and factual accuracy.

Example: A news article reporting on a new policy decision by the government, including quotes from officials and citizens.

News Headlines

Definition: News headlines are brief summaries of news articles, designed to capture the essence of the story and attract readers’ attention.

Key Features:

• Photograph: An image accompanying the article, providing visual context.
• Headlines and Sub-Headlines: The main title and secondary titles that summarize the article’s content.
• Newsworthiness: The relevance and importance of the news to the audience.
• Quotations: Direct statements from sources or subjects within the article.
• Sources: The origin of the information, ensuring credibility.
• Facts: Verified and objective information presented in the article.
• Context: Background information that helps readers understand the significance of the news.

Example: A headline like “Local Hero Saves Dog from Burning Building” with a photograph of the rescue scene.

Photograph

Definition: Photographs are visual representations captured by a camera, often used to document events, convey emotions, or tell stories.

Key Features:

• Composition: The arrangement of visual elements within the frame.
• Lighting: The use of light to enhance or create mood and focus.
• Subject: The main focus of the photograph.
• Perspective: The angle from which the photograph is taken.
• Emotion: The ability to evoke feelings or convey a message.

Example: A photojournalistic image capturing a significant moment during a protest.

Radio Broadcast

Definition: Radio broadcasts are audio programs transmitted over the airwaves or online, covering news, music, talk shows, and other content.

Key Features:

• Script: Written text of what will be said during the broadcast.
• Audio Elements: Includes voice, music, sound effects, and silence.
• Live or Pre-recorded: Can be broadcast in real-time or pre-recorded for later airing.
• Segments: Divides content into manageable parts, such as news segments, interviews, and commercials.
• Listener Interaction: Often includes call-ins or social media interactions.

Example: A morning radio show featuring news updates, music, and listener call-ins.

Short Stories

Definition: Short stories are brief fictional narratives that typically focus on a single plot, character, or theme.

Key Features:

• Conflict: The central struggle or problem around which the story revolves.
• Character: The individuals who participate in the action of the story.
• Setting: The time and place in which the story occurs.
• Exposition: The introduction of background information about the characters, setting, and situation.
• Narrative Technique: The method and style of storytelling.
• Characterization: The development and portrayal of characters’ personalities and motivations.
• Rising Action: Events that build tension and lead up to the climax.
• Climax: The turning point or most intense moment of the story.
• Falling Action: Events that occur after the climax as the story moves towards its resolution.
• Denouement (Unknotting): The final resolution or outcome of the story.

Example: A short story about a young girl discovering a hidden talent, leading to a moment of self-realization.

Speech | Learn

Definition: Speeches are formal addresses delivered to an audience, often to inform, persuade, or entertain.

Key Features:

• Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
• Diacope: Repetition of a word or phrase with a small number of intervening words.
• Antithesis: Contrasting ideas presented in parallel structures.
• Chiasmus: A rhetorical device in which words or concepts are repeated in reverse order.
• Anadiplosis: Repetition of the last word of a preceding clause at the beginning of the next one.
• Amplification: Expanding on a statement by adding more detail.
• Metaphor: A figure of speech comparing two unlike things without using “like” or “as.”
• Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds in a series of words.
• Tricolon: A series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses.
• Polysyndeton: The use of multiple conjunctions in close succession.
• Allusion: An indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work.
• Figurative Language: Uses figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful.
• Repetition: Repeating words or phrases for emphasis.
• Hypophora: Asking a question and then immediately answering it.
• Parallelism: The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in construction.

Example: A political speech addressing the nation’s challenges and proposing solutions, using various rhetorical devices to engage and persuade the audience.

Street Art

Definition: Street art is visual art created in public spaces, often with the intent of making a statement or provoking thought.

Key Features:

• Social Commentary: Art that reflects on societal issues or critiques cultural norms.
• Guerilla Art: Unofficial and unsanctioned artwork, typically created quickly and covertly.
• Situational Irony: When the outcome is opposite to what was expected, often highlighting a contrast between reality and expectation.
• Icons and Symbols: Recognizable images that convey broader meanings or associations.
• Stencil: A technique where images or text are created by applying paint over a pre-cut template.
• Trompe l’oeil: Art designed to trick the eye into perceiving a painted detail as a three-dimensional object.

Example: A stencil art piece depicting a child with a balloon, symbolizing innocence amid a backdrop of urban decay.

TV Show

Definition: TV shows are broadcasted programs that can range from dramas and comedies to news and documentaries.

Key Features:

• Episodes: Individual segments that make up the series.
• Characters: The individuals who drive the story and interact with each other.
• Plot: The sequence of events that unfold in each episode.
• Setting: The environment where the story takes place.
• Production Elements: Includes direction, cinematography, sound, and editing.

Example: A sitcom featuring a group of friends navigating life in a big city, with humor and recurring themes.

Travel Writing | Learn

Definition: Travel writing describes the experiences and observations of a traveler, often with a focus on the destination’s culture, people, and attractions.

Key Features:

• Descriptive Language: Vividly describes places, people, and experiences.
• Personal Perspective: Reflects the writer’s personal experiences and insights.
• Cultural Insights: Provides information about local customs, traditions, and lifestyle.
• Practical Information: Offers tips and advice for future travelers.
• Engaging Narratives: Uses storytelling techniques to captivate readers.

Example: A travel article about a journey through the Amazon rainforest, highlighting the unique flora and fauna.

Webpage

Definition: Webpages are digital documents accessed through the internet, providing information on a wide range of topics.

Key Features:

• Hyperlinks: Links to other webpages or online resources.
• Multimedia: Incorporates text, images, videos, and interactive elements.
• Navigation: Menu or links that help users find information easily.
• Content: Relevant and up-to-date information on the topic.
• SEO: Optimized for search engines to increase visibility.

Example: An informational webpage about climate change, featuring articles, videos, and interactive graphs.

Parody

Definition: Parodies are humorous imitations of other works, genres, or styles, exaggerating certain features for comedic effect.

Key Features:

• Exaggeration: Amplifies certain characteristics of the original work.
• Humor: Uses wit and satire to entertain and criticize.
• Recognition: Relies on the audience’s familiarity with the original work.
• Creative Twist: Introduces a new perspective or twist on the original.
• Purpose: Often aims to criticize or provide social commentary through humor.

Example: A parody video that mocks popular movie tropes by exaggerating their most recognizable elements.

Pastiche | Learn

Definition: Pastiches are works that imitate the style or character of other works, often as a tribute.

Key Features:

• Imitation: Emulates the style, tone, or content of the original work.
• Homage: Shows respect and admiration for the original.
• Intertextuality: Incorporates elements from multiple sources.
• Blend of Styles: Combines features from various works to create something new.
• Purpose: Can be used to celebrate, critique, or reinterpret the original works.

Example: A novel written in the style of a classic detective story, blending elements from several famous authors.

Playscripts

Definition: Playscripts are written works intended for performance on stage, containing dialogue and instructions for actors and directors.

Key Features:

• Act: A major division within a play, often signaling a shift in time or setting.
• Scene: A subdivision of an act, usually occurring in a single location.
• Staging (Props and Sets): The physical arrangement of scenery, furniture, and props on stage.
• Entrance: The moment when a character comes onto the stage.
• Dialogue: The spoken words exchanged between characters.
• Stage Directions: Instructions for actors and directors about movement, positioning, and actions.
• Speech Directions: Indications of how lines should be delivered.
• Sound and Music: Auditory elements that enhance the performance.
• Offstage: Actions or sounds that occur out of the audience’s sight.

Example: A scene from Shakespeare’s “Hamlet,” with detailed stage directions and dialogue revealing character motivations.

Poems

Definition: Poems are literary works that express ideas, emotions, or stories through the use of rhythmic and figurative language.

Key Features:

• Imagery: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses.
• Alliteration (Assonance, Consonance): Repetition of sounds, whether at the beginning of words (alliteration), within vowels (assonance), or within consonants (consonance).
• Syllables and Metric Feet: The basic units of a poem’s meter, such as iambs and trochees.
• Rhythm: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
• Verse: A single line of poetry.
• Metric Feet (Iamb, Trochee, Spondee, Anapest, Dactyl): Patterns of syllables used to create rhythm.
• Stanza: A grouped set of lines within a poem.
• Rhyming Schemes: The pattern of rhymes at the end of each line.
• Volta: A turn or shift in the poem’s theme or argument.
• Caesura (Apostrophe, Full Stops, Hyphens): A pause within a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation.

Example: A sonnet with a structured rhyme scheme, exploring themes of love and time.