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Before it was possible to study brain function through a functional M.R.I. or PET scan, migraines were thought to be caused by swollen, throbbing blood vessels in the scalp, usually affecting one side of the head. This classic migraine symptom prompted the use of medication that narrow blood vessels, drugs that help only some patients and are not safe for people with underlying heart disease. Neurologists who specialise in migraine research and treatment now approach migraine as a brain-based disorder, with symptoms and signs that can start a day or more before the onset of head pain and persist for hours or days after the pain subsides. Based on the new understanding, there are now potent and less disruptive treatments already available or awaiting approval. However, to be most effective, the new therapies may require patients to recognise and respond to the warning signs of a migraine in its so-called prodromal phase — when symptoms like yawning, irritability, fatigue, food cravings and sensitivity to light and sound occur a day or two before the headache.
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Question of
What point does the writer make in the fourth paragraph?
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In the past, there was no way to accurately test patients for migraine.
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The triggers for migraine are more complex than was originally believed.
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Medications that narrow blood vessels in migraine patients are no longer useful.
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Enlarged blood vessels in a person’s scalp are now seen on both sides of the head.
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Question of
In the fourth paragraph, the writer suggests patients should:
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Try a range of improved therapies.
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Seek specialized treatment earlier.
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Start taking new types of medication.
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Become more aware of their triggers.
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