Persepolis – Marjane Satrapi

Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is an autobiographical graphic novel that explores the author’s childhood and early adulthood during and after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The novel is divided into two parts: Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood and Persepolis: The Story of a Return. It provides a powerful personal and political perspective on life in Iran under the Islamic regime, the impact of war, and the challenge of growing up in a country undergoing drastic political changes.

Important: We present all these sections in bullet-points because providing ready-made sentences will not make you IB students. Using these short notes, build your sentences and paragraphs and essays, adding connectors and changing tenses.

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Navigate through the following sections as you feel appropriate.

• Short Summary.
• Extended Summary.
• Contexts.
• Character Development.
• Thematic Exploration.
• Global Issues.
• Author Information.
• Authorial Choices.
• Linguistic Features.
• Intertextuality.
• Literary Vocabulary.
• Quotes
• Persepolis Vs 10 IB Texts

Short Summary

I know that you have done a thorough reading of the original graphic novel. If you have not, I should say, that’s what you should do first. However, if you have landed on this page for gathering information for your essays or IO, or to bypass reading the original, well, this is the right place to start.

Starting with a short summary like this is the best way to enter a novel. Let’s start with the first two panels of this graphic novel.

A little girl, Marji, the narrator and author, introduces herself and the historical context of the novel. What I see first is the powerful simplicity of narration. Be ready for more surprises throughout this novel. If you would start this section after knowing more about Iran, go to the Contexts section.

Marjane was called Marji when she was a little girl. She grows up in Tehran during the 1970s in a politically active family. The Iranian Revolution begins, leading to the overthrow of the Shah’s regime. Marji’s parents participate in protests against the Shah, encouraging her to be politically aware.

The new Islamic Republic takes control, enforcing strict religious laws. Marji starts to witness the effects of political repression, including public executions of dissidents. Her family discusses the oppression under the new regime, and Marji learns about her family’s history of political activism. You know, her family was not an ordinary one. Her ancestors were politicians. Mind it!

The Iran-Iraq War breaks out, further destabilizing the country. Marji begins rebelling against the Islamic regime, refusing to follow strict dress codes. Marji’s family members and friends experience persecution, imprisonment, and death under the regime. The war intensifies, with Tehran facing bombings, leading to fear and hardship.

As the situation becomes more dangerous, Marji’s parents decide to send her to Austria for safety. Marji moves to Vienna and struggles to adjust to a new, unfamiliar culture. She experiences loneliness and isolation in Europe, feeling detached from both her Iranian identity and the Western world. Marji faces racism and misunderstandings about her Iranian background in Austria. She experiments with Western ideas, relationships, and lifestyles but continues to feel conflicted about her identity. Marji falls into depression, leading to a brief period of homelessness and personal crises.

She eventually returns to Iran, feeling ashamed of her time in Europe and disconnected from her past. Upon returning, Marji finds Iran more conservative and oppressive than when she left. Marji struggles with the strict societal rules for women, including the mandatory wearing of the veil. She reconnects with her family and old friends, but the gap between their experiences grows.

Marji attends university in Tehran, where she again questions the regime and its impact on personal freedoms. Her rebellious nature leads to conflicts with authority, but she remains outspoken. Marji marries, but her marriage soon ends in divorce, further contributing to her personal disillusionment.

Realizing that she cannot live freely in Iran, Marji decides to leave the country permanently. The novel ends with Marji departing for France, saying goodbye to her family, knowing she may never return.

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Extended Summary

Let’s get a bit closer to the story. How does the plot develop, what happens to the lead characters? If you have already read the novel cover to cover, you can skip this session and proceed to Contexts. 

Part One: The Story of a Childhood

Marjane Satrapi introduces her childhood in Tehran, Iran, in the late 1970s. Her family is politically active; her grandfather was imprisoned under the Shah’s regime. The novel opens with young Marji dreaming of becoming a prophet, wanting to help the oppressed.

Marji’s parents encourage her political awareness and teach her about social justice. The Iranian Revolution begins, leading to protests against the Shah. Marji observes her parents participating in demonstrations, feeling proud of their activism. The Shah’s regime falls, and the Islamic Republic is established.

The new regime implements strict Islamic laws, including mandatory veiling for women. Marji’s school becomes segregated by gender, marking a significant cultural shift. Her beloved teacher is replaced by a religious instructor, limiting the curriculum. Marji learns about political prisoners and becomes aware of the harsh realities of the regime.

Her family celebrates the revolution with hope, but the political situation quickly worsens. Marji’s parents explain the concept of “martyrs,” emphasizing the price of freedom. The new government begins censoring media, impacting Marji’s access to information.

Marji’s uncle Anoosh visits from prison, sharing stories of political struggle and sacrifice. Anoosh becomes a father figure to Marji, instilling in her a sense of pride and resistance. The Iran-Iraq War begins, leading to bombings in Tehran and further turmoil. Marji witnesses the impact of war on her community, including fear and loss. The regime enforces strict social rules, making everyday life increasingly difficult.

Marji’s friends and family face persecution; some are executed for dissent. Her family tries to maintain a sense of normalcy, celebrating religious and cultural traditions. Marji becomes increasingly rebellious, questioning the government’s restrictions. Marji’s parents decide to send her to Austria for her safety, fearing for her life. She leaves behind her family and friends, feeling both excited and scared.

Marji arrives in Vienna, where she is exposed to a vastly different culture.

Part Two: The Story of a Return.

In Vienna, Marji struggles to fit in and adapt to her new environment. She feels isolated, missing her family and the familiarity of Iran. Marji experiences culture shock, particularly regarding her clothing and behavior. She makes friends but also faces discrimination and prejudice against Iranians. Marji becomes increasingly disillusioned with Western culture, feeling out of place. She experiences loneliness and tries to navigate her dual identity.

Marji becomes involved with a boy, exploring her independence and sexuality. She faces difficulties in her relationship, further complicating her feelings of belonging. Marji’s family remains a vital connection to her identity; she maintains contact through letters. She begins to feel the weight of her cultural heritage, which contrasts with her Western surroundings.

After several difficult years, Marji returns to Iran, yearning for her homeland. She finds Iran has changed drastically, with even stricter regulations under the new regime. Upon returning, she reunites with her family, but the gap in their experiences creates tension. Marji struggles to adjust to life in Iran, where her freedom is severely limited. The government mandates the wearing of the veil, which Marji resents. She enrolls in school and faces the realities of a highly controlled education system. Marji’s friends share their experiences of repression and the impact of the war. She reconnects with her old friends, but they have changed due to the war and repression. Marji begins to question the ideology of the regime, challenging societal norms. The strict rules around women’s behavior frustrate her, and she often rebels.

Marji feels the absence of the freedoms she experienced in Europe. She attends university, where she continues to confront issues of identity and resistance. Marji meets a fellow student who shares her rebellious spirit, and they bond over their shared experiences.

The social and political atmosphere in Iran becomes increasingly oppressive. Marji’s family provides her with support and encouragement, emphasizing the importance of education. Marji becomes involved in political discussions, pushing back against the regime. She grapples with her identity as a young woman in a conservative society.

Marji’s independence leads to conflicts with her family, who worry for her safety. The war continues, impacting daily life and causing constant fear. Marji’s family experiences loss as friends and neighbors are affected by the violence. Marji’s rebellion escalates; she begins to express her frustration through art and writing.

She confronts her teachers about their ideology, refusing to accept censorship. Marji’s actions lead to disciplinary actions at school, illustrating the risks of dissent. The conflict between her beliefs and societal expectations deepens. Marji’s relationships become strained as her peers choose conformity over resistance. Marji faces the reality of post-war Iran, struggling with her identity and future.

Her romantic relationships lead to heartache and further exploration of her independence. Marji navigates the complexities of love and personal freedom in a repressive environment. Her experiences in Europe and Iran create a sense of duality in her identity. The weight of societal expectations becomes unbearable for Marji. Marji reflects on her childhood memories, contrasting them with her current struggles.

She feels the need to escape the constraints of Iranian society. Her family continues to support her, emphasizing resilience in the face of adversity. Marji begins to see the futility of her resistance in a society that stifles individuality. She contemplates leaving Iran again, feeling trapped in a cycle of oppression.

Marji’s desire for personal freedom clashes with her love for her homeland. The narrative explores themes of exile and belonging, highlighting Marji’s internal conflict. She grapples with the fear of losing her cultural identity while seeking freedom. Marji’s frustration grows as the regime continues to suppress dissent.

Her relationships with friends become strained as they navigate their own choices. Marji seeks solace in her art, using it as a means of expression and resistance. She confronts the pain of losing loved ones and the toll of war on her community. Marji attends a demonstration, showcasing her commitment to change.

Her family’s continued activism inspires her to remain engaged. The oppressive atmosphere leads Marji to consider her future beyond Iran. Marji realizes she cannot reconcile her two worlds, leading to a painful decision. She faces the reality of her limitations within Iranian society.

Marji ultimately decides to leave Iran for good, seeking a life of freedom. The farewell to her family is filled with emotional complexity and uncertainty. Marji’s departure marks a significant turning point in her life. She reflects on her journey and the sacrifices made by her family.

The novel ends with Marji finding her way in a new country, ready to face new challenges. Through her story, Satrapi addresses broader themes of identity, freedom, and resilience. The graphic novel format allows for a powerful exploration of personal and political narratives. Marji’s experiences resonate with themes of exile, belonging, and the search for identity.

The artwork effectively captures the emotional weight of Marji’s journey. Satrapi’s use of black-and-white illustrations emphasizes the stark realities of her experiences. The interplay of humor and tragedy enriches the narrative, making it relatable and poignant. Persepolis serves as a powerful testament to the impact of war on personal lives.

The novel emphasizes the importance of storytelling as a means of resistance. Marji’s journey becomes a symbol of hope and the enduring spirit of those who resist oppression. The graphic novel invites readers to reflect on the complexities of culture and identity. Satrapi’s work has received critical acclaim for its honesty and depth.

Persepolis highlights the universality of human experiences amidst specific historical contexts. Ultimately, Marji’s story is one of courage, resilience, and the quest for personal freedom in a world of constraints.

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Contexts

1. Historical Context

Persepolis is set during the Iranian Revolution (1979) and the subsequent Islamic Republic. The overthrow of the Shah and the establishment of an Islamic theocracy are central events. Marjane’s childhood is framed by political turmoil and the Iran-Iraq War. Westernization under the Shah and the return to Islamic values post-revolution are contrasted. The revolution brought significant changes, especially for women’s rights and freedoms. Besides, the political repression, censorship, and persecution of dissenters are critical historical themes. The war with Iraq (1980-1988) caused mass destruction, civilian casualties, and shaped public sentiment. Iran’s political landscape shifted from monarchy to a religious regime, altering society. The book reflects how children, like Marjane, experienced violence and ideological conflict. Persepolis serves as a memoir and historical commentary on a turbulent period in Iranian history.

2. Political Context

The novel critiques authoritarianism, both under the Shah and the Islamic regime. Satrapi portrays the suppression of dissent, including the imprisonment, torture, and execution of political activists. The regime’s use of religion as a tool of control is depicted through the enforcement of strict laws. The divide between secular liberals and Islamic fundamentalists is highlighted. Political hypocrisy and corruption within the revolutionary government are satirical points. The state propaganda and media censorship are major elements of political control. The book explores resistance movements, focusing on those who opposed the regime. Themes of exile and displacement are linked to political oppression. It also reflects global political dynamics, particularly Iran’s relationship with the West. The novel questions the legitimacy and consequences of revolutionary movements.

3. Cultural Context

Iranian cultural identity is central, especially in relation to the clash between traditionalism and modernity. The novel reflects the influence of Western culture on pre-revolution Iran. The Islamic Revolution led to a resurgence of conservative cultural norms, especially in terms of women’s dress and behavior. The juxtaposition of Marjane’s love for Western pop culture (e.g., music, clothing) with her Iranian roots. Persian cultural heritage (poetry, art, history) is a recurring theme in Persepolis. The contrast between life in Iran and life in Europe highlights cultural differences. Marjane’s personal struggle with her cultural identity as she moves between Iran and Europe. Religion is shown as both a personal belief and a state-imposed cultural force. Iranian family dynamics, respect for elders, and social values are central to the story. Cultural resistance, through underground music, parties, and alternative lifestyles, is also explored.

4. Social Context

Satrapi critiques gender inequality, particularly post-revolution where women were forced to wear the veil. The social divisions between the elite and working class are explored, especially in Marjane’s family background. Education plays a significant role, particularly how schools were used to indoctrinate children. The portrayal of class struggle in pre- and post-revolutionary Iran. The Iranian middle-class experience of war and revolution is a primary focus. Family is a key social structure, providing support amidst chaos. Marjane’s exploration of individualism vs. collective societal expectations is a recurring theme. Social norms, especially regarding marriage and relationships, are critiqued. The trauma and psychological effects of war on ordinary citizens are depicted. The role of women in both private and public spheres is critically examined.

5. Religious Context

Religion in Persepolis is presented both as a personal faith and a tool of state oppression. The Islamic Revolution brought about strict interpretations of Islamic law. Satrapi contrasts the public enforcement of Islamic codes with her family’s secular values. The veil becomes a symbol of both religious devotion and state control. Religious hypocrisy is a theme, with figures in power using Islam for personal gain. The role of religious leaders (e.g., Ayatollahs) is central to Iran’s political shift. Satrapi depicts the conflict between fundamentalist and progressive interpretations of Islam. Religion is often seen as restrictive, particularly in terms of personal freedoms. The novel questions the intersection of religion with law, education, and media. Religious identity, both in Iran and abroad, shapes much of Marjane’s sense of self.

6. Feminist Context

Satrapi provides a feminist critique of the Islamic regime, particularly regarding women’s rights. The mandatory wearing of the veil and the policing of women’s bodies is a central feminist issue. Marjane’s mother, grandmother, and herself represent different facets of female resistance. The book explores how women navigate both public repression and private rebellion. Satrapi highlights women’s participation in the revolution, only to be sidelined afterward. The intersectionality of gender, class, and politics is prominent. Marjane’s journey of self-discovery includes rejecting imposed gender roles. Female friendship and solidarity are important themes in the novel. The depiction of women in education and the workplace is critically examined. Satrapi challenges patriarchal values in both Iran and European society.

7. Psychological Context | Paper 1 Comic Strips

The novel explores the psychological trauma of war, revolution, and displacement. Marjane’s inner conflict between her Iranian and Western identities is a recurring theme. The psychological effects of living in a repressive state are shown through fear, anxiety, and guilt. Satrapi portrays Marjane’s coming-of-age as a process of psychological maturation. The book delves into the impact of witnessing violence and death from a young age. Themes of alienation and exile are explored through Marjane’s time in Austria. The psychological toll of separation from one’s family and homeland is evident. Marjane’s rebellious spirit is a form of psychological resistance to conformity. The novel examines the ways people cope with oppression, using humor and defiance. Psychological resilience is a key theme, especially in terms of Marjane’s survival.

8. Geopolitical Context

Persepolis touches on the geopolitical impact of the Cold War in the Middle East. The involvement of foreign powers (e.g., the U.S. and U.K.) in Iran’s affairs is critiqued. The novel references the role of the West in supporting the Shah’s regime. The revolution is partly framed as a response to foreign intervention and influence. Iran’s isolation post-revolution and its strained relations with the West are highlighted. The Iran-Iraq War is depicted as a geopolitical conflict with broad regional consequences. Marjane’s experiences in Europe reflect tensions between East and West. The book explores the Iranian diaspora and the global movement of refugees. The impact of sanctions and international politics on Iranian society is addressed. Satrapi criticizes both Western imperialism and Islamic fundamentalism.

9. Artistic and Literary Context

Persepolis is a graphic novel, combining visual art with literary narrative. The use of black-and-white drawings reflects both simplicity and emotional depth. Satrapi’s style blends personal memoir with historical and political commentary. The graphic novel format allows for a unique expression of complex themes. The novel’s tone shifts between humor, tragedy, and satire, reflecting the absurdity of war and repression. The art style is minimalist, emphasizing emotional expression over realism. Satrapi draws on the tradition of Persian storytelling, combining myth, history, and personal experience. The novel is part of the larger genre of autobiographical graphic novels, alongside works like Maus. Persepolis reflects postmodern narrative techniques, blending fiction and non-fiction. The visual storytelling enhances themes of memory, trauma, and identity.

10. Educational Context

Persepolis is used as an educational tool to teach about the Iranian Revolution and its aftermath. It provides a first-hand account of life under an authoritarian regime. The book helps students understand the impact of war and revolution on children and families. It encourages critical thinking about the intersections of personal and political history. Satrapi’s memoir format makes complex historical events accessible to young readers. The novel addresses themes of identity, belonging, and resistance, relevant to adolescent readers. It raises questions about the role of education in shaping political and social consciousness. The book is often paired with discussions on human rights, gender, and freedom of expression. Persepolis provides insight into the experiences of refugees and exiles. It is a valuable resource for understanding the role of women in revolutionary movements.

Now you have got a grasp of the various contexts of Persepolis. Now, you can go back to the Short Summary if you think you need to do so. Or else, we are off to Character Development.

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Character Development

Thematic Exploration

Here are the main themes in Persepolis, along with 20 key points or instances for each theme. These points are focused on how the themes are presented throughout the graphic novel.

Identity

• Marji’s struggle with her Iranian identity while living in Europe.
• The impact of cultural differences on Marji’s sense of self.
• Marji’s interactions with her family that shape her understanding of her heritage.
• The significance of the veil and how it represents both oppression and cultural identity.
• Marji’s exploration of Western culture and its conflicts with her Iranian roots.
• The duality of Marji’s identity as she navigates life in Iran and Austria.
• The pressure Marji feels to conform to societal expectations regarding her gender.
• Her experiences of racism and misunderstanding in Vienna.
• Marji’s relationship with her uncle Anoosh and its impact on her sense of family identity.
• The tension between Marji’s rebellious spirit and the conservative expectations of Iranian society.
• Marji’s struggles with her appearance and how it affects her self-image.
• The contrast between Marji’s childhood dreams and her harsh realities.
• The role of art in helping Marji define her identity.
• Marji’s evolving understanding of femininity and its implications in her life.
• Her return to Iran and the challenge of reintegrating into a changed society.
• Marji’s realization of her limitations as a woman in a patriarchal society.
• The significance of her relationship with her parents in shaping her identity.
• The internal conflict Marji faces regarding her place in the world.
• Marji’s reflections on her cultural identity after her return from Europe.
• The ending of the novel highlights Marji’s resolve to embrace her complex identity.

War and Conflict

• The backdrop of the Iranian Revolution and its immediate effects on Marji’s family.
• Marji’s first exposure to violence and its impact on her childhood innocence.
• The portrayal of political prisoners and the consequences of dissent.
• The emotional toll of the Iran-Iraq War on the civilian population.
• The bombings of Tehran and the constant fear they instill in Marji and her family.
• Marji’s encounters with death and loss, including the impact on her friends and family.
• The regime’s censorship and propaganda during the war.
• The stark contrast between Marji’s childhood memories and the realities of war.
• The impact of the war on Marji’s education and freedom.
• The portrayal of public executions and their chilling effect on society.
• Marji’s feelings of helplessness in the face of political violence.
• The resilience of Marji’s family amidst the chaos of war.
• The loss of friends and family members due to political repression.
• Marji’s evolving understanding of martyrdom and sacrifice.
• The portrayal of the psychological effects of war on children.
• The sense of nationalism that emerges as a response to external threats.
• The conflict between personal beliefs and societal expectations during wartime.
• The role of women during the war and the unique challenges they face.
• The portrayal of everyday life in a war-torn society.
• Marji’s decision to leave Iran and how it reflects the personal impact of war.

Oppression and Repression

• The enforcement of the veil as a symbol of women’s oppression in post-revolution Iran.
• Marji’s experiences with censorship in education and media.
• The impact of the Islamic regime on personal freedoms and expression.
• The portrayal of political dissidents and the dangers they face.
• The restrictions placed on women regarding their behavior and clothing.
• Marji’s resistance to oppressive societal norms as a form of rebellion.
• The limitations placed on education and the curriculum under the new regime.
• Marji’s family’s efforts to maintain a sense of normalcy amidst repression.
• The portrayal of violence as a means of enforcing control over the populace.
• Marji’s internal conflict regarding her desire for freedom versus societal constraints.
• The impact of the regime’s policies on artistic expression and creativity.
• The struggles of Marji’s friends and family as they navigate the oppressive environment.
• The portrayal of the consequences of speaking out against the regime.
• Marji’s feelings of isolation as she confronts the realities of oppression.
• The portrayal of the dual lives led by individuals to escape oppression.
• The emotional toll of living in a society where dissent is punished.
• The role of propaganda in shaping public perception and controlling narratives.
• Marji’s reflections on the nature of freedom and its value.
• The impact of familial support in resisting oppression.
• The conclusion of the novel, where Marji’s choice to leave Iran symbolizes her rejection of oppression.

Family and Relationships

• Marji’s close-knit family, particularly her relationship with her parents.
• The role of her grandmother in providing a historical perspective on oppression.
• The bond between Marji and her uncle Anoosh and its significance.
• Family discussions about political activism and its impact on Marji’s upbringing.
• Marji’s relationship with her friends and how it evolves amidst political change.
• The support her parents provide during the difficulties of the revolution and war.
• The strain on family relationships due to differing political views and experiences.
• The impact of war on familial bonds and the loss of loved ones.
• Marji’s feelings of guilt and responsibility toward her family’s legacy.
• The importance of storytelling within her family as a means of coping with trauma.
• Marji’s evolving understanding of her parents as individuals, not just authority figures.
• The influence of family traditions and cultural values on Marji’s identity.
• The contrast between Marji’s experiences in Europe and her family’s experiences in Iran.
• Marji’s parents’ sacrifices and how they shape her worldview.
• The role of family support in Marji’s decision to return to Iran.
• The portrayal of generational differences in coping with repression and war.
• The emotional distance that develops due to Marji’s experiences abroad.
• The importance of family in maintaining cultural identity amid oppression.
• Marji’s return to her family after her time in Austria and its emotional significance.
• The complex dynamics of family loyalty and individual choice at the end of the novel.

Cultural Conflict

• Marji’s initial understanding of Iranian culture through her family’s stories.
• The impact of the Iranian Revolution on cultural expression and identity.
• The clash between Western values and Iranian traditions during Marji’s time in Austria.
• Marji’s experiences of cultural misunderstanding and prejudice in Europe.
• The portrayal of music, literature, and art as forms of cultural resistance.
• The influence of Western media on Marji’s perception of herself and her culture.
• Marji’s navigation of cultural identity while living in two different worlds.
• The significance of traditional Iranian holidays and their meaning to Marji.
• The portrayal of food and family meals as expressions of cultural identity.
• Marji’s growing awareness of the limitations placed on cultural expression in Iran.
• The role of education in shaping cultural understanding and awareness.
• The contrast between the freedoms of Western culture and the restrictions in Iran.
• Marji’s reflections on what it means to be Iranian while in Europe.
• The challenges of preserving cultural heritage in a globalized world.
• Marji’s realization of the complexities of cultural identity as she grows older.
• The tension between modernity and tradition within Iranian society.
• The portrayal of youth culture in Iran and its resistance to traditional norms.
• Marji’s exploration of feminist ideas within the context of her culture.
• The significance of storytelling in maintaining cultural heritage.
• The resolution of cultural conflict as Marji embraces her identity at the end of the novel.

Global Issues

• Identity: The struggle for personal identity in the context of cultural and political upheaval is a central theme, particularly as Marjane navigates her dual identity as an Iranian and a Westernized individual.
• War and Conflict: The impact of the Iran-Iraq War on individuals and society is a significant global issue, illustrating the devastating effects of conflict on civilian life and national identity.
• Human Rights: The graphic novel highlights violations of human rights, especially regarding freedom of expression, gender equality, and the treatment of political dissidents under the Islamic regime.
• Gender Inequality: Gender roles and the struggle for women’s rights are prominent themes, showcasing the limitations placed on women in Iran and the fight for autonomy and equality.
• Exile and Displacement: Marjane’s experiences of exile reflect broader issues of displacement faced by individuals fleeing conflict and oppression, highlighting the emotional and cultural challenges of living in a foreign land.
• Censorship and Freedom of Speech: The narrative addresses censorship and the suppression of dissenting voices, illustrating the importance of freedom of speech in democratic societies.
• Cultural Heritage and Memory: The importance of cultural heritage and collective memory is explored, particularly how personal and national histories shape identity and understanding.
• Colonialism and Imperialism: The influence of Western culture and the historical context of foreign intervention in Iran contribute to discussions of neo-colonialism and its impact on national identity.
• Youth and Coming of Age: The challenges faced by youth in understanding their identity and beliefs in a repressive society resonate with broader themes of adolescence and the quest for self-discovery.
• Social Justice: The narrative highlights the struggle for social justice and equality in the face of systemic oppression, illustrating the role of activism and resistance.

Author Information

Marjane Satrapi was born in 1969 in Rasht, Iran. She grew up during significant political upheaval, including the Iranian Revolution (1979) and the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988). Satrapi’s parents were politically active and encouraged her to think critically. Her grandmother provided her with stories of the past, which deeply influenced her perspective on social justice and history.

• Birth: Marjane Satrapi was born on November 22, 1969, in Rasht, Iran.
• Family Background: She comes from an aristocratic and politically active family with ties to both Iranian royalty and Communist political movements.
• Childhood in Iran: Satrapi grew up during the Islamic Revolution in Iran, witnessing the overthrow of the Shah and the establishment of the Islamic Republic.
• Early Influence: Her family’s liberal values exposed her to Western ideas and leftist politics from an early age, shaping her views on society and freedom.
• Islamic Revolution: The Iranian Revolution in 1979 and the subsequent Iran-Iraq War had a profound impact on her life, and these events form the backdrop of Persepolis.
• Exile: At age 14, Satrapi was sent to Austria by her parents to escape the repressive regime in Iran, which deeply influenced her perspective on exile and identity.
• Education: She studied in Vienna but later returned to Iran. Satrapi later attended art school in France, studying illustration.
• Cultural Struggle: In both Iran and Austria, Satrapi faced challenges of cultural identity and belonging, which is a central theme in Persepolis.
• Graphic Novelist: Satrapi is credited with bringing graphic novels to mainstream literature, particularly with Persepolis, which became an international success.
• Persepolis: The graphic novel is an autobiographical depiction of her childhood in Iran, her experience with war, exile, and the struggle for personal freedom under a repressive regime.
• Political Commentary: Satrapi’s works are known for their critical examination of political systems, particularly the Iranian government, religious extremism, and authoritarianism.
• Feminism: Satrapi is a strong advocate for women’s rights, and her works often highlight the role of women in oppressive societies.
• Visual Style: The artwork in Persepolis is known for its black-and-white illustrations, which reflect the stark contrasts of her life experiences and make the story visually powerful.
• Memoirist: Persepolis is not just a graphic novel but also a memoir, blending personal history with broader political commentary.
• Film Adaptation: Satrapi co-directed the animated film adaptation of Persepolis in 2007, which was critically acclaimed and received an Oscar nomination.
• International Success: Persepolis has been translated into numerous languages and is considered one of the most influential graphic novels of its time.
• Dual Identity: Satrapi’s experiences of living in both Iran and Europe give her a unique perspective on issues of identity, displacement, and cultural conflict.
• Influence of Her Grandmother: Satrapi often credits her grandmother as a source of strength and wisdom, a figure who appears prominently in Persepolis.
• Impact of Persepolis: The graphic novel has become a staple in schools and universities for its accessible portrayal of complex political and social issues.
• Continued Activism: Satrapi continues to speak out on issues related to human rights, freedom of expression, and the challenges faced by women in oppressive regimes.

Authorial Choices

1. Graphic Novel Format

• Visual Storytelling: Satrapi’s use of simple, black-and-white illustrations adds a stark, raw tone to the story, visually reflecting the harshness of war, repression, and personal struggles.
• Accessibility: The graphic novel format makes complex themes—such as political oppression, revolution, and personal identity—more accessible to a wider audience, including younger readers.
• Emotion through Imagery: Instead of relying solely on words, Satrapi conveys powerful emotions through images, such as fear, grief, and defiance, enhancing the emotional impact of the narrative.
• Contrast and Symbolism: The black-and-white color scheme symbolizes the moral, political, and cultural dichotomies in her life, such as freedom vs. oppression, childhood innocence vs. harsh realities.
• Pacing and Focus: The panel structure allows Satrapi to control the pacing of her story and focus on key moments of emotional or political significance, giving readers time to reflect on the events.

2. Autobiographical Perspective

• Authenticity: By telling her own story, Satrapi offers a personal, authentic perspective on the Iranian Revolution, which is often viewed through more distant, political lenses.
• Subjectivity: The use of first-person narration allows readers to experience events through her eyes, making them more personal and immediate.
• Childhood Lens: Satrapi presents the Revolution and war through the eyes of a child, which adds innocence and curiosity to the depiction of complex political events, making them relatable.
• Internal Conflict: As she grows older, readers witness her internal conflict with her identity, faith, and values, offering a nuanced exploration of personal vs. societal struggles.
• Vulnerability: The autobiographical nature exposes Satrapi’s vulnerability, particularly as she recounts moments of fear, confusion, and displacement during and after the Revolution.

3. Use of Humor

• Relief Amid Trauma: Satrapi uses humor to provide relief from the often dark and intense themes, making the harsh realities more bearable and highlighting the absurdities of political and social repression.
• Humanization: Humor humanizes the characters, making them more relatable and showing their resilience, even in dire circumstances.
• Cultural Commentary: Satrapi often uses humor to critique the absurdities of the political regime, such as the rules about wearing the veil, showing how repressive systems often generate irrational behaviors.
• Balancing Tone: The inclusion of humor helps balance the tone of the narrative, preventing it from becoming overwhelmingly bleak while still addressing serious themes.
• Childhood Innocence: The humor often stems from Satrapi’s childhood misunderstandings or misinterpretations of events, which highlights the innocence and confusion of children growing up in war-torn environments.

4. Themes of Identity and Exile

• Cultural Displacement: Satrapi explores the feeling of being an outsider both in Iran and Europe, highlighting the challenges of cultural displacement and the difficulty of fitting into new environments.
• Dual Identity: Her narrative reflects the tension between her Iranian heritage and the Western values she is exposed to in exile, showcasing the complexities of forming an identity across different cultures.
• Political and Social Critique: Satrapi examines how the political turmoil in Iran forces individuals to either conform or resist, which affects their sense of self and belonging.
• Personal Growth: The theme of identity is central to Satrapi’s coming-of-age story, as she grapples with who she is in the context of political oppression, family expectations, and cultural norms.
• Exile as Transformation: Exile is portrayed not just as physical displacement but as a psychological transformation, as Satrapi’s experiences abroad shape her understanding of herself and her homeland.

5. Focus on Women’s Experiences

• Feminist Perspective: Satrapi’s work is grounded in a feminist perspective, highlighting the challenges and resilience of women in Iran, particularly under the repressive regime.
• Empowerment through Defiance: Female characters in Persepolis—including Satrapi’s mother and grandmother—demonstrate strength and defiance in the face of political and social restrictions.
• Gender and Oppression: Satrapi vividly depicts the gendered nature of oppression, such as the imposition of the veil and restrictions on women’s behavior, making the personal political.
• Intergenerational Bonds: The strong female relationships in the novel, particularly between Satrapi and her grandmother, show how women support and empower each other in patriarchal societies.
• Reclaiming Agency: Satrapi’s story is also about reclaiming her agency as a woman, both in her personal life and as an artist, refusing to let oppressive systems dictate her future.

Linguistic features

1. Imagery

• Description of bombed-out buildings in Tehran.
• The vivid image of Marjane’s grandmother’s house.
• The striking visual of the veil contrasted with Marjane’s rebellious hairstyles.
• Depictions of the celebratory atmosphere during the Islamic Revolution.
• The dark imagery associated with the prison and torture.
• The representation of childhood innocence through Marjane playing with friends.
• The visual representation of the oppressive environment after the revolution.
• Marjane’s portrayal of the stark contrasts between her life in Iran and Austria.
• The imagery of the golden key given to boys to symbolize martyrdom.
• The powerful depiction of the protests in the streets of Tehran.

2. Symbolism

• The veil as a symbol of oppression and control over women.
• The key given to young boys as a promise of paradise in martyrdom.
• Marjane’s denim jacket representing Western influence and rebellion.
• The cigarette as a symbol of defiance and adult experiences.
• The image of her grandfather’s imprisonment as a symbol of political oppression.
• The symbolic significance of her parents’ protests against the regime.
• The representation of the family’s photographs as symbols of lost history.
• The use of the airplane as a symbol of escape and hope.
• The depiction of the ‘Martyrs’ as a reflection of the glorification of death.
• The significance of the comic book and storytelling as a means of resistance.

3. Dialogue

• Marjane’s conversations with her grandmother about history.
• Discussions with her friends about the impact of war.
• Her father’s humorous yet poignant comments on the political situation.
• Exchanges between Marjane and her teachers reflecting societal norms.
• Dialogue with her mother about the realities of being a woman in Iran.
• Conversations with Anoosh about his experiences as a political prisoner.
• The banter with her friends that highlights their shared childhood.
• Serious discussions with her parents regarding the consequences of revolution.
• Marjane’s interactions with the Austrian kids about her culture.
• Her exchanges with the officials regarding dress codes.

4. Irony

• The irony of Marjane’s Western influences in a regime promoting Islamic ideals.
• The depiction of the Islamic regime that promised freedom yet imposed strict rules.
• Marjane’s innocent childhood contrasted with the violent reality of war.
• The irony of Marjane’s parents being more progressive than the government.
• The portrayal of martyrs as heroes while their families suffer.
• Marjane’s experience in Austria where she seeks freedom but feels alienated.
• The irony of women’s supposed empowerment under the regime.
• The expectation of honor in martyrdom versus the brutality of war.
• The contrasting perceptions of Iran by Western society versus Marjane’s experience.
• Marjane’s struggle to fit in with her peers despite being more worldly.

5. Juxtaposition

• The stark contrast between Marjane’s life in Iran and her experiences in Austria.
• Childhood innocence versus the harsh realities of war.
• The celebration of religious festivals against the backdrop of war.
• The juxtaposition of Marjane’s freedom in Austria and restrictions in Iran.
• Depictions of her family’s joy contrasted with their fears during the revolution.
• The image of happy childhood memories versus the grief of loss.
• The vibrant cultural celebrations against the oppressive regime.
• Marjane’s longing for connection juxtaposed with her feelings of isolation.
• The hopefulness of the revolution versus the despair it ultimately brings.
• The playful interactions with friends against the seriousness of political discussions.

6. Tone

• The humorous tone when Marjane discusses her childhood antics.
• A somber tone when addressing the impact of war on families.
• The sarcastic tone in her critiques of the regime.
• A nostalgic tone when reflecting on her early childhood.
• The serious tone when discussing political prisoners.
• An optimistic tone in her dreams of freedom and change.
• A reflective tone when Marjane contemplates her identity.
• A rebellious tone in her conversations about personal choices.
• The bittersweet tone when recalling her relationship with Anoosh.
• A hopeful tone as she envisions a better future for her country.

7. First-Person Narrative

• Marjane’s personal reflections on her childhood experiences.
• Her thoughts and feelings about her family’s history.
• Descriptions of her emotions during the revolution.
• Insights into her internal conflicts regarding identity.
• Her first-hand account of witnessing bombings.
• Personal anecdotes about her time in Austria.
• The emotional turmoil she feels when leaving Iran.
• Her experiences navigating cultural differences.
• Reflections on the impact of her education on her beliefs.
• Personal revelations about her relationships with family and friends.

8. Simplicity of Language

• Direct and straightforward language describing complex emotions.
• Use of simple vocabulary to convey profound themes.
• Clear and accessible descriptions of daily life in Iran.
• Concise dialogue that captures character personalities.
• Simplistic narratives that highlight the absurdity of political situations.
• Use of everyday language to discuss serious topics.
• Straightforward storytelling that emphasizes Marjane’s youthful perspective.
• The use of familiar phrases to illustrate cultural experiences.
• Clarity in descriptions of cultural practices and traditions.
• Simple, yet powerful expressions of hope and despair.

9. Visual Language

• The use of black-and-white illustrations to depict the stark realities of war.
• Visual representations of contrasting emotions through facial expressions.
• The symbolic use of color to highlight significant moments.
• Depictions of iconic cultural symbols alongside personal experiences.
• Illustrative contrasts between oppressive and free environments.
• Use of panels to show time progression and emotional shifts.
• Visual metaphors, like the contrast between light and dark.
• The arrangement of panels to enhance storytelling pace and rhythm.
• Illustrating moments of chaos during protests visually.
• The integration of text and image to convey layered meanings.

10. Repetition

• Repeated references to the veil throughout the narrative.
• The recurring phrase “Everywhere in the world” to highlight global experiences.
• Repeated imagery of the war’s impact on daily life.
• The motif of the key representing martyrdom appearing multiple times.
• Repeated depictions of Marjane’s family gatherings and their significance.
• Recurring themes of exile and belonging throughout her journey.
• The constant return to her relationship with her grandmother.
• Repetition of childhood memories to contrast with adult experiences.
• The use of catchphrases from Marjane’s childhood in her reflections.
• Frequent allusions to historical events that shape her identity.

Intertextuality

1. Themes: Identity and Coming of Age

• The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini
• Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
• The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros
• Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
• Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe
• Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys
• The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
• We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo
• The Stranger by Albert Camus
• Black Boy by Richard Wright

2. Global Issues: Revolution, Power, and Oppression

• 1984 by George Orwell
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
• The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood
• Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel García Márquez
• The Color Purple by Alice Walker
• Death and the Maiden by Ariel Dorfman
• Waiting for the Barbarians by J.M. Coetzee
• Animal Farm by George Orwell
• The Plague by Albert Camus
• Sizwe Bansi is Dead by Athol Fugard

3. Language: Visual Storytelling, Direct Language, and Memoir

• Maus by Art Spiegelman (graphic novel format)
• Fun Home by Alison Bechdel (graphic memoir)
• The Outsider by Albert Camus (simple, direct language)
• Beloved by Toni Morrison (narrative of memory and trauma)
• I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou (autobiographical narrative)
• In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (journalistic, real-life accounts)
• The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien (memoir-like storytelling)
• Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht (dramatic, minimalist language)
• The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams (symbolism and vivid visual storytelling)
• The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi (self-referential, visual elements)

4. Characters: Resilient Protagonists, Rebellion Against Authority

• Antigone by Sophocles
• The Tempest by William Shakespeare
• A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen
• The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath
• Hamlet by William Shakespeare
• The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
• Oedipus Rex by Sophocles
• King Lear by William Shakespeare
• Sophie’s Choice by William Styron
• The Book Thief by Markus Zusak

5. Cultural Conflict and Exile

• Exit West by Mohsin Hamid
• The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy
• Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
• A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul
• Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih
• Goat Life (Aadujeevitham) by Benyamin (Malayalam)
• The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri
• The Shadow Lines by Amitav Ghosh
• Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee
• A Bend in the River by V.S. Naipaul

Literary Vocabulary

• Autobiographical: Persepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel, where Satrapi reflects on her childhood during the Iranian Revolution.
• Graphic Novel: The graphic novel format allows Satrapi to combine visual and textual storytelling to engage readers on multiple levels.
• Memoir: As a memoir, Persepolis provides a personal account of life during political upheaval in Iran.
• Dichotomy: Satrapi often explores the dichotomy between public and private life in Iran under an authoritarian regime.
• Oppression: The novel presents a vivid depiction of political oppression and the curtailment of personal freedoms.
• Symbolism: Satrapi uses symbolism, such as the veil, to represent broader themes of repression and identity.
• Subjugation: The subjugation of women is a recurring theme, as Marjane witnesses the restrictive laws imposed on them.
• Disillusionment: Marjane experiences disillusionment as she realizes the reality of post-revolutionary Iran does not align with her early revolutionary ideals.
• Resistance: Resistance plays a central role in Persepolis, as the protagonist and her family subtly defy the regime’s oppressive rules.
• Satirical: Satrapi uses satirical humor to critique the absurdity of the socio-political climate in Iran.
• Nostalgia: There is a sense of nostalgia in Satrapi’s depiction of her childhood before the revolution transformed Iran.
• Revolution: The Iranian Revolution of 1979 serves as the historical backdrop for Marjane’s coming-of-age story.
• Identity: The novel explores Marjane’s struggle with her identity as she navigates between Iranian traditions and Western influences.
• Westernization: The clash between Iranian values and Westernization is a significant tension within the novel.
• Exile: Marjane’s feeling of displacement during her time abroad emphasizes the theme of exile.
• Oppression: Satrapi depicts both political and cultural oppression through her portrayal of life under the Islamic regime.
• Patriarchy: The patriarchy is critiqued through Marjane’s observations of gender roles and expectations in Iranian society.
• Irony: The use of irony in Persepolis is evident when the regime promotes moral values while committing acts of violence.
• Alienation: Marjane often feels alienation as she struggles to reconcile her personal beliefs with the societal norms imposed on her.
• Autonomy: Marjane’s journey is one of reclaiming her autonomy in a society that seeks to suppress individuality.
• Trauma: The psychological trauma of living through war and revolution is a constant presence in Persepolis.
• Persecution: Satrapi illustrates the persecution of those who opposed the new Islamic government, including intellectuals and dissidents.
• Martyrdom: The regime glorifies martyrdom, which is highlighted through propaganda directed at young boys during the war.
• Censorship: Censorship is a significant aspect of daily life in post-revolution Iran, impacting art, media, and personal expression.
• Repression: Personal and cultural repression is evident in the way Satrapi’s characters must adhere to strict religious and moral codes.
• Subversion: Marjane and her family often engage in subtle acts of subversion to defy the regime’s authoritarian control.
• Conformity: The pressure to conform to societal norms and religious laws is a recurring theme, with Marjane resisting conformity throughout her journey.
• Repression: The repression of individual thought and expression is a significant theme in Persepolis.
• Martial Law: Martial law and military rule are enforced after the revolution, and Satrapi depicts how this influences the lives of ordinary citizens.
• Totalitarianism: The shift from monarchy to totalitarianism dramatically impacts the political and social landscape of Iran.
• Refuge: Seeking refuge in Austria, Marjane’s sense of belonging is challenged, and her cultural identity is tested.
• Ideals: The novel contrasts revolutionary ideals with the harsh reality of life under an oppressive regime.
• Corruption: Satrapi explores the corruption within the regime, particularly how it contradicts the original promises of justice and equality.
• Hypocrisy: The hypocrisy of religious and political leaders is a recurring theme in Persepolis.
• Revolutionary Fervor: The revolutionary fervor of the early years is soon replaced by disillusionment and repression.
• Social Stratification: Satrapi highlights the social stratification in Iranian society, where class differences are starkly visible.
• Expatriate: As an expatriate, Marjane’s experiences in Europe differ significantly from her life in Iran, contributing to her identity crisis.
• Propaganda: The government uses propaganda to control public perception and enforce loyalty to the regime.
• Isolation: Isolation is both physical and emotional for Marjane as she struggles with her place in both Iranian and European societies.
• Political Satire: Satrapi employs political satire to mock the absurdity of the regime’s actions and ideologies.
• Ideological Indoctrination: The regime engages in ideological indoctrination, particularly targeting the youth during the war.
• Diaspora: The novel touches on the experiences of the Iranian diaspora, as Marjane lives abroad while staying connected to her roots.
• Pessimism: Marjane’s experiences abroad and at home often lead her to a deep pessimism about the future of her country.
• Moral Ambiguity: Satrapi presents characters with moral ambiguity, especially in their shifting loyalties during the revolution.

Quotes

Below are quotes from the original work. Collect a large number of exact quotes from the original work.

1. Identity and Self-Discovery

• “I wanted to be justice, love, and the wrath of God all in one.”
  This quote illustrates Marjane’s internal conflict as she grapples with her sense of self, influenced by both her culture and her personal ambitions.
• “I finally understood why I felt ashamed to sit in my father’s Cadillac.”
  Marjane becomes aware of the class disparity in Iranian society, shaping her evolving identity and self-awareness.
• “I will always be true to myself.”
  A declaration of Marjane’s commitment to self-discovery, even amidst societal pressures to conform.
• “I was a westerner in Iran, and an Iranian in the West. I had no identity.”
  This reflects her struggle with a fragmented identity caused by living in exile and the cultural displacement she experiences.
• “I am Iranian and proud of it.”
  Despite her internal struggles, Marjane’s sense of national identity remains a core part of her self-definition.

2. War and Violence

• “The year of the revolution, I had to take action… so I put my prophetic destiny aside for a while.”
  This shows how even as a child, Marjane was deeply impacted by the violence of the revolution, leading her to adopt political ideals.
• “The revolution is like a bicycle. When the wheels don’t turn, it falls.”
  Satrapi uses this metaphor to explain the relentless cycle of violence and revolution, highlighting its inevitability in her context.
• “They burned down the Rex Cinema, 400 victims.”
  The violence and destruction of the regime are vividly portrayed, showing the impact of war on ordinary lives.
• “Every time there was a bombing, my mother wanted to take a shower.”
  This small act of cleansing shows the psychological toll of war on the population, where survival becomes intertwined with everyday routines.
• “The walls had grown eyes. Everywhere I went, I felt guilty.”
  War and violence foster an environment of fear and paranoia, where even private moments are intruded upon by political surveillance.

3. Freedom and Oppression

• “In this country, you have to know everything better than anyone else if you’re going to survive.”
  This speaks to the oppressive nature of the Iranian regime, where knowledge and cunning become survival tools.
• “When we’re afraid, we lose all sense of analysis and reflection.”
  The oppressive regime controls the population through fear, stripping them of their ability to critically think and resist.
• “They have bigger problems than a veil.”
  Marjane critiques how superficial measures of oppression, like wearing the veil, are prioritized over larger, more systemic issues.
• “It’s fear that makes us lose our conscience. It’s also what transforms us into cowards.”
  This quote encapsulates how oppression manipulates people into submission and diminishes their capacity to resist.
• “You showed me that I could be useful to this society, that I could be even more than a housewife.”
  Reflecting on gender-based oppression, this quote highlights the societal expectation for women to conform to traditional roles, while Marjane seeks more freedom.

4. Exile and Displacement

• “I had learned that you should always shout louder than your aggressor.”
  In exile, Marjane learns the importance of asserting herself in an unfamiliar and often hostile environment.
• “I realized then that I didn’t understand anything. I read all the books I could.”
  Exile forces Marjane into an intellectual journey of discovery, as she attempts to make sense of the new world around her.
• “To die a martyr is to inject blood into the veins of society.”
  This reflects how Marjane struggles to reconcile her Iranian upbringing with the Western values she encounters in exile.
• “It’s fear that makes us lose our conscience.”
  The feeling of displacement is reinforced by the fear of being different and the isolation that comes with living in exile.
• “I had always thought that anyone who left Iran was a traitor.”
  Exile brings a deep sense of guilt and betrayal for Marjane, as she struggles with her loyalty to her homeland while trying to adapt to her new life.

5. Gender and Feminism

• “Women like me should not be allowed to be educated at all.”
  This quote exemplifies the oppressive attitudes toward women’s rights and education in Iran, a key theme in the novel.
• “The regime had understood that one person leaving her house while asking herself: ‘Are my trousers long enough? Is my veil in place? Can my makeup be seen?’… no longer asks herself: ‘Where is my freedom of thought?’”
  A powerful commentary on how superficial control, like clothing restrictions, is used to distract women from realizing their larger political oppression.
• “The first marriage is practice for your second marriage.”
  This line reflects the societal expectation for women to marry and the dehumanizing view of marriage as a practice, undermining women’s agency.
• “I wanted to be an educated, liberated woman. And if the pursuit of knowledge meant getting cancer, so be it.”
  Marjane’s determination to be liberated despite societal expectations for women, showing her feminist defiance.
• “I wanted to be like the Prophet… but when I declared that, they laughed at me.”
  This highlights how girls’ ambitions are often dismissed in a patriarchal society, reflecting the suppression of women’s potential.

“In the end, you can’t be free unless you’ve fought for it.”

Persepolis Versus

• The Handmaid’s Tale – Margaret Atwood:
• 1984 – George Orwell.
• Things Fall Apart – Chinua Achebe.
• The Kite Runner – Khaled Hosseini.
• A Doll’s House – Henrik Ibsen.
• The Color Purple – Alice Walker.
• Beloved – Toni Morrison.
• One Hundred Years of Solitude – Gabriel García Márquez.
• The Reluctant Fundamentalist – Mohsin Hamid.
• Antigone – Sophocles.
• Byeble – Be Jew John.